Vocabulary Building Books for ESL Students

Equity Analysis Report Example

Essays on Equity Analysis Report Essay Adobe Systems Equity Finance In the last five years, Adobe System Inc. has not had a seasoned equity offering. This has only been evident with other companies like PointCast and News Corp. (Source 10-K report) 2. Dividends and Repurchases a) Adobe pays dividends and the following information gives the dividends that the company has paid in the last five years. (GRSP monthly files) Dividends (%) 24 15 150 1000 50000 The dividend payout ratio for the company was 0.00% b) The stock purchases for Adobe system are averaged as follows: Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Price 4.5 13.6 26.3 28.0 26.9 Total payout is 99.3 c) The payout ratio which is the same as the debt ratio is as indicated on the graph above. Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Payout Ratio 18.6 24.2 32.8 36.2 35.7 In the case of Adobe System not distributing its earnings to the stockholders is definitely a good idea. Most growth companies like Adobe in the expanding era prefer not to distribute their earnings to the investors. Research indicates that the stockholders aspire that the company put back the assets in terms of their share of profit at an elevated rate. In the case the company does not succeed in making profit on the investments, it would be a better idea for the corporation to pay out the investments in the form of dividends to shareholder. Much consideration is put on performance and efforts directed to the reinvestments by the individual shareholders. In addition, it has been established through research that reinvested earnings are crucial for profitability for investors. This is a point at which security valuations are made. 4. Information Content of Payouts and Announcement Effects (Optional Question) Looking at Adobe System’s profile, it is noted that for long the company has a habit of not paying dividends. This puts it in a position not react in the case of any market shift. The Capital Asset Pricing Model focuses on the expected returns of security. This must be equal to the rate on risk free security in addition to a risk premium. Adobe System on the contrary has its expected returns not beating the need returns. As such, the company does not undertake investment which is why it has no reaction based on the changes in dividends. Essentially for Adobe, there is no data on market pricing and the purchases. The company relies on providing graze period for its clients. It has a market shift in terms of clients purchasing Creative Suite 5.5 component between particular dates. This essentially leads to them being given complementary upgrades toll free whenever there is an upgrade. However, it is arguable without evidence that whenever there are announcements in the market purchases, there must be an increase in the market prices of Adobe System products. Work Cited: Dalhouse, Deborah and Clemson University Mass Communications. Web Site Content Management Systems: Selection and Usage at Land-grant Universities. New York: ProQuest, 2008

Suicide Prevention in Australian Prisons-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Suicide Prevention in Australian Prisons. Answer: Background of the research: Suicide reflects an extremely complex phenomenon that has attracted the attention of theologians, philosophers, sociologists and physicians over the centuries (Fazel Seewald, 2012). Suicide is the most common reason of death in prisons, jails or correctional settings. Now, authorities are responsible for keeping the health and safety levels of the inmate populations. Therefore, increasing number of suicide cases are raising questions against the performance level of the prison authority. In addition, suicidal behaviour by the prisoners reflects a stressful event for the officers of the prisons (Rabe, 2012). For that reason, it has become critical to identify the best possible way to reduce the suicide rate of the prisoners for avoiding these types of unnecessary circumstances. Different studies have highlighted different factors as the prime cause of suicide in a correctional centre. For that reason, the study will look to analyze all the possible causes related to suicide in prison s for suggesting the best possible way to reduce the rate. Significance of the research: Reduction of crimes in the society is the prime objective of any correctional institutions. It reflects that prisons look to provide proper guidelines to the prisoners for leading a healthy life. Now, majority of the prisoners commit suicide due to social pressure and de-motivation from the life (Larney et al., 2012). Therefore, the outcome of the study is expected to highlight all the areas related to suicide of the prisoners. The outcome of the study will help the prison authorities to identify the best possible way to motivate prisoners to lead a healthy life after the completion of punishment. Health problem is another critical issue that induces prisoners to commit suicide (Psychology.org.au, 2017). For that reason, the outcome of the study will able to highlight the prime areas that needs to be improved for reducing the health related issues in an effective way. Thus, the study is focusing on evaluating one of the prime socio cultural issues, which will definitely help the over all quality of the community lifestyle. Research aim: The research study aims to identify the best possible way to reduce the suicide-committing rate in Australian prisons. Research objectives: In order to reduce the suicide-committing rate in Australian prisons, the study will focus on following objectives: To identify the impact of health issues, de-motivation and social pressure on the suicide rate of Australian prisoners To evaluate the kind of impact absence of any of these factors can have on the suicide committing rate of the Australian prisoners To recommend best possible strategies for the authorities of the Australian prisons or correctional settings to minimize the rate of suicide in near future Research problem statement: From the study of the past few years, it has been assessed that the suicide-committing rate has increased in a significant manner (Niedzwiedz et al., 2014). Many social service providers have highlighted the poor hygiene maintained at the Australian prisons, which is causing different health related problems (Zlodre Fazel, 2012). Now, Australian prisons and jails have undertaken different comprehensive prevention policies for reducing the rate of suicide in a major way. It has been assessed that utilization of different suicide prevention strategies has reduced the rate in a significant way. However, there is no clear-cut idea regarding the exact amount of impact each strategy can have on the on suicide prevention rate of the Australian prisoners (aic.gov.au, 2017). Strategies like pre-trial inmates and sentenced prisoners perception will have to be evaluated in an in-depth manner. Moreover, the complexity level of the communities is increasing on regular basis (Naidoo Mkize, 2012) . As a result, different types of new problems are also arising among the people in correctional settings. However, not many studies have been conducted on understanding the perspective of prisoners. Therefore, authorities of correctional settings do not have any idea regarding the effective way to reduce the suicide tendency of the prisoners (vic.gov.au, 2017). For that reason, the study will look to conduct in-depth research including all aspect of the research topic, which will definitely create positive impact on the successful fulfilment of all the objectives. Research design and methodology: As stated by Mackey and Gass (2015) selection of proper research design is critical for covering all aspect of the research topic. In order to identify the best possible way to reduce the suicide rate in Australian prison, the study will focus on following factors: Research philosophy: Research philosophy deals with nature, development and source of knowledge for covering all the research objectives in an effective manner. Positivism, interpretivism and realism are the categories of research philosophy that studies will have to consider for covering all the areas in an appropriate way (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). In order to identify the best possible way to reduce the suicide rate in Australian prison, the study will use positivism research philosophy. The selection of positivism philosophy will allow the study to explore different unknown areas related with the psychology of the prisoners. It also allows the study to include common sense for evaluating all the information related with the research topic. As a result, it provides proper guideline to the research study to cover all the areas in an effective manner. The study will not focus on other available research philosophy due to time constraint. Research approach: Research approach deals with the way entire study needs to be conducted for successful completion of all the requirements. Deductive, inductive and abductive are the categories of research approach that different studies utilize for accomplishing research objectives (Silverman, 2016). In order to highlight the significance of high suicide rate in Australian prisons, the study will use deductive research approach. The selection of deductive research approach will help the study to include different previous theories and concept related with the research topic. As a result, it would increase the overall value of the study. In addition, selection of deductive approach will help the study to develop clear hypothesis regarding the suicide rate of the Australian prisoners. It will eventually help to cover all the areas related with the research topic. Alternatively, the study will not use inductive research approach, as the study does not require innovation of new theories and models. Research design: It provides overall plan regarding the way entire research activities can be conducted in an effective manner. Conclusive and exploratory are the types of research design from which the studies need to select for covering all the areas related with the research topic (Flick, 2015). Here, the study will consider exploratory research design, as it will help to conduct in-depth evaluation on the topic. The selection of exploratory research design will provide more adaptability and flexibility to the research study. As a result, it would help to incorporate different types of sudden information about the research topic. Selection of exploratory research design allows the study to cover all the areas within limited timeframe. It also allows proper evaluation of the developed hypothesis, which will ensure successful completion of all the requirements. Therefore, it eventually helps the study to complete all the requirements within the selected timeframe. Data collection process: Data collection procedure focuses on identifying the best possible way to capture all the relevant information about the research topic (Neuman Robson, 2012). Collection of appropriate data is essential for accomplishing research aims and objectives. In order to cover all the areas associated with the suicide rate in Australian prisons, the study will utilize both primary and secondary data collection technique. The study will use secondary data for the development of quality literature review. In this section, the study will focus on different secondary data sources like Science Direct, Google Scholar and Online library for incorporating necessary data about the research topic. Here, the prime focus will on adding different theories and models related with the research topic for covering all the areas with the research topic. The study will also use different magazines and newspapers to highlight the current situation of the prisoners in Australia. On the other hand, the study will use primary data collection technique for analyzing the present situation comprehensively. Here, the study will utilize qualitative research method for capturing in-depth information about the suicide rate of the Australian prisoners. The study will conduct face-to-face interview for covering all the areas associated with the research topic. Here, the study will select qualitative approach, as it will allow respondents to share their personal thoughts and believes in an effective way. Moreover, utilization of qualitative research design will help the way suicide rate in Australian prisons or jails have increased over the years (Lather St. Pierre, 2013). The study will develop a semi-structured questionnaire for conducting face-to-face qualitative interview in an effective way. The study will take 15 20 minutes time from each respondent for covering all the areas related with the research topic. Sample strategy: Sampling strategy focuses on selecting specific elements from the entire population (Tong et al., 2012). Now, population of the research topic includes all the authorities associated with the Australian prisons and also all the prisoners in Australia. Thus, it reflects extremely huge size of population that cannot be covered within the limited timeframe. Hence, the study has no option than to utilize sampling strategy for covering all the areas associated with the suicide rate of Australian prisoners. Now, non-probability and probability are the available types of sampling technique that studies can use for covering all the areas in an effective way. Now, for assessing the best possible way to reduce the suicide tendency of the prisoners, the study will use non-probability sampling technique. The study will identify 25 authorities of the Australian prisons for gathering in-depth information. The study will consciously select respondents with more than 3 years of experience for ensuri ng captured data can describe current situation in an effective way. Data analysis strategy: As stated by Snyder (2012) data analysis strategy focuses on identifying the best possible way to interpret collected data for the accomplishment of research aims and objectives. As the study focuses on utilizing only qualitative data analysis technique, it will focuses on using conversation analysis in an effective way. This type of conversation analysis is known as ethnographic research. It assumes that all the conversations are governed by patterns and rules. It also assumes that the researcher will understand data provided through the conversation method appropriately. Now, conversation analysis needs in-depth examination of the provided data. Therefore, the study will look to evaluate each word said by the respondents for ensuring outcome of the analysis can describe the actual condition of the patients. The data analysis procedure will focuses on assessing the main challenges that prisoners are facing in correctional settings. It will also highlight the prime causes that increa ses suicide rate in Australian prisons, which is likely to increase the effectiveness of the correctional settings in a major way. Ethical concerns: According to Miller et al. (2012), maintenance of ethics is critical for successful completion of any research study. Maintenance of ethical factors allows the study to avoid any type of unnecessary situations in an effective way. For that reason, the study will focus on maintaining all the guidelines mentioned in the data protection act for ensuring the collected data is not used in any external purposes. It ensures that the outcome of the data collection and analysis procedure will describe the present situation of the prisoners in an effective way. Moreover, the study will also focus on remaining unbiased about the research topic. It will allow respondents to share their own thoughts, beliefs and perspectives in an appropriate way. The study will also not create any type of external pressure for sharing information about the research topic. Thus, it will make conscious effort in keeping the personal respect and dignity of the respondents at the time of capturing data about the sui cide rate of Australian prisoners. Limitations: The above illustration has indicated the fact that the research study will cover all the areas in an appropriate manner. Still, the study will have certain limitation that can have major impact on overall outcome of the research study. Firstly, the study will be conducted in extremely short period of time. Therefore, it is obvious that it will have to leave certain areas of the research topic. For instance, the study will assume the selected sample size will accurately describe the perspectives of the entire population. The study will also assume all the respondents will share their actual thoughts and beliefs regarding the increasing suicide rate of the Australian prisoners. Secondly, the study will be conducted with limited budget, which will restrict research in conducting different activities that can add value to the outcome. For instance, the budget limitation has restricted the study to focus on qualitative study only. Otherwise, it can also include quantitative research proce ss for ensuring all the areas are covered in an effective manner. References: aic.gov.au, (2017). [online] Available at: https://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi125.pdf [Accessed 21 Jun. 2017]. Fazel, S., Seewald, K. (2012). Severe mental illness in 33 588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis.The British Journal of Psychiatry,200(5), 364-373. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Larney, S., Topp, L., Indig, D., O'driscoll, C., Greenberg, D. (2012). A cross-sectional survey of prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among prisoners in New South Wales, Australia.BMC public health,12(1), 14. Lather, P., St. Pierre, E. A. (2013). Post-qualitative research.International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education,26(6), 629-633. Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2015).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M., Jessop, J. (Eds.). (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Naidoo, S., Mkize, D. L. (2012). Prevalence of mental disorders in a prison population in Durban, South Africa.African Journal of Psychiatry,15(1), 30-35. Neuman, W. L., Robson, K. (2012). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Niedzwiedz, C., Haw, C., Hawton, K., Platt, S. (2014). The definition and epidemiology of clusters of suicidal behavior: a systematic review.Suicide and life-threatening behavior,44(5), 569-581. Psychology.org.au. (2017).Australian Psychological Society : Considerations for suicide prevention in Australias prisons. [online] Available at: https://www.psychology.org.au/inpsych/2016/feb/grigg/ [Accessed 21 Jun. 2017]. Rabe, K. (2012). Prison structure, inmate mortality and suicide risk in Europe.International journal of law and psychiatry,35(3), 222-230. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016).Qualitative research. Sage. Snyder, C. (2012). A case study of a case study: Analysis of a robust qualitative research methodology.The Qualitative Report,17(13), 1. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Tong, A., Flemming, K., McInnes, E., Oliver, S., Craig, J. (2012). Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research: ENTREQ.BMC medical research methodology,12(1), 181. vic.gov.au, (2017). [online] Available at: https://assets.justice.vic.gov.au/corrections/resources/e78592a1-9e4a-439f-bc5a-22608df620b6/correctional_suicide_prevention_framework%2813aug2015%29.pdf [Accessed 21 Jun. 2017]. Zlodre, J., Fazel, S. (2012). All-cause and external mortality in released prisoners: systematic review and meta-analysis.American journal of public health,102(12), e67-e75

Costs and Total Variable Cost free essay sample

Explain in a nontechnical way why demand iselastic in the northwest segment of the demand curve and inelastic in the southeast segment. Product PriceQuality Demanded $51 Vb 42 33 24 15 Answer: 1/1. 5 / ?. 5= . 67%/ 22%= 3. 05 Ch 22 #7 1. Key Question A firm has fixed costs of $60 and variable costs as indicated in the table on the following page. Complete the table and check your calculations by referring to question 4 at the end of Chapter 23. 1. Graph total fixed cost, total variable cost, and total cost. Explain how he law of diminishing returns influences the shapes of the variable-cost and total-cost curves Graph AFC, AVC, ATC, and MC. Explain the derivation and shape of each of these four curves and their relationships to one another. Specifically, explain in nontechnical terms why the MC curve intersects boththe AVC and the ATC curves at their minimum points. Explain how the location of each curve graphed in question 7b would be altered if (1) total fixed cost had been $100 ra ther than $60 and (2) total variable cost had been $10 less at each level of output. We will write a custom essay sample on Costs and Total Variable Cost or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Total Product Total Fixed Cost Total Variable Cost Total Cost Average Fixed Cost Average Variable Cost Average Total Cost Marginal Cost 0$__60_ $0$___ $___ $___ $___ $___ 1 60 45 105 60 45 105 45___ 2 60 85145 120 170 290230 3 60120180 180 390 510450 4 60150 210 840 6001,4401380 5 60185245 1225 925 46254565 6 60225285 360135017101650 7 60270330 420 189023102250 8 60325385 480 260030803020 9 60390450 5403510 4050 3990 10 60465525 600 465052505190 Ch8 #2 Key Question Suppose an economys real GDP is $30,000 in year 1 and $31,200 in year 2. What is the growth rate of its real GDP? Assume that population is 100 in year 1 and 102in year 2. What is the growth rate of GDP per capital? 30,000/1 / 31,2000/1=(305. 9/300=-1 or 31,2000/30,000 -1= . 00186 #11Key Question If the CPI was 110 last year and is 121 this year, what is this years rate of inflation? What is the â€Å"rule of 70†? How long would it take for the price level to double if inflation persisted at (a) 2, (b) 5, and (c) 10 percent per year? (121/110-1)=-0. 1 or 121-110=11 110/11=0. 9-1=-0. 9 Ch3 E3. 6 A. Firm D has net income of $27,900, sales of $930,000, and average total assets of $465,000. Calculate the firms margin, turnover, and ROI. 7,900/930,00 =0. 3 0. 3/465000= 6. 45 B. Firm E has net income of $75,000, sales of $1,250,000, and ROI of 15%. Calculate the firms turnover and average total assets. 75,000/1,250,000= 0. 06 0. 06/15%= 0. 9 C. Firm F has ROI of 12. 6%, average total assets of $1,730,159, and turnover 2b2 1. 20n-15n-5,000=0/5n-5,000=0 5n/5=5,000/5 n=1,000 2. 30,000/40,000=0. 75 s-0. 75-7,500=0 0. 253=7,500 s=30,000 3. 7000=30x-33,000-14q 33,000+7000=30x-33,000-14q+33,000 40,000/16-16/16=2,5000 4. 40q-80,000-30q 20,000=4q-80,000*(1. 1)-30*(. 8) 88,000+20,000=4q-88,000-24q 108,00/16=40-24=16 108,00/16 16/16=6,750

Twenty Letters to a Friend Review Essay Example

Twenty Letters to a Friend Review Paper Essay on Twenty Letters to a Friend Totally two different impressions are fighting in my head and can not be reconciled: the impression from reading the book, and the impression of the information found on the Internet after reading it Let me start with the first.. Twenty Letters to a Friend a kind of confession of Joseph Stalins daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva about his childhood and his youth, trying to understand her beloved father and come to terms with the idea that her mother committed suicide. Svetlana, really as a friend said that he remembered from a brief six years of his life with his mother and the rest of 30 (she wrote her letters in 37 years) this time without her. Confidentially disclose it to another soul-reader, exposing the personal attention, revealing unknown aspects of life. Reading her confession, believe in her love for her father and his love for her, going through every incident of her childhood event, wipe away her tears, when only 10 years later from the foreign press, she learned the true cause of death of the mother, holding her hand, accompanying on the way life without a mother, and almost without a father when he was just a busy doing something else, is always more important and bel ieve me! Believe in her selfless love for Russia -. A country she calls home, and the best, not imagining how it can leave the We will write a custom essay sample on Twenty Letters to a Friend Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Twenty Letters to a Friend Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Twenty Letters to a Friend Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Probably my book assessment would have left such an enthusiastic, if not my the desire to learn more about the fate of Svetlana Alliluyeva. To do this, just worth it to look into the Internet And just a lot of questions, which are reduced to one, the most important thing: Is that all it was hypocrisy? Just three years after writing his letters, she left the country. He not just left and left their children here. The asylum seekers wandered from one country to another, stopping finally in the United States. After nearly 20 years, she tried to return, but did not stick to the homeland, again left it. It must have been at it for that reason. But why then declare their boundless love for children, to relatives, to the homeland? Why complain about life without a mother, and almost without a father, if its what you doom their children? Why would argue that you are now going through all the troubles and misfortunes, finally found happiness far away from the places where your childhood, if you are ready to exchange it for anything? Why talk lofty speeches about his native country, which is recovering from the devastation and ready to move on, if you yourself are not ready to go with her in the leg? So many questions and so few answers. The book is not bad, but the real truth whether it is written?

Free Essays on Palm Beach Atlantic Admission Application

Palm Beach Atlantic Admission Application As a 1st year student at PBCC, I have experienced the demands that are required to succeed as a college pupil. Focus, persistence, responsibility and desire for perfection are the characteristics I present towards obtaining my college degree. Coming from parents which are college graduates and hold respectful occupations which include high demands, my standards and morals are set very high. My present goals are to continue my education, mature as a person, play soccer at a competitive level and surround myself in a productive, positive environment. I feel confident that if I continue with the fulfillment of my present goals this foundation in turn, will stem into the onset of my future goals, which include an engineering degree, a successful private owned business, a professional soccer career, and a beautiful family. Furthermore, through Palm Beach Atlantic, a Christian school, I believe the majority of my goals can be accomplished. I can obtain my engineering degree living in a very studious and educational environment. While attaining my education, my first priority, I can live out my passion and love, which is playing soccer. I have researched the soccer program and I feel it would be a great accomplishment and privilege to be a part of. Plus, the downtown location gave me a vibe that would allow me to establish myself and interact in a mature, lively setting. Personally, I think PBA is perfect for the beginning to my future. I think of myself as a â€Å"winner†, and from my visit and conversation with the head soccer coach, students and faculty I believe Palm Beach Atlantic is a community of winners were I can excel and reach new heights. I’d be honored, and would look forward, to being part of such an excellent college.... Free Essays on Palm Beach Atlantic Admission Application Free Essays on Palm Beach Atlantic Admission Application Palm Beach Atlantic Admission Application As a 1st year student at PBCC, I have experienced the demands that are required to succeed as a college pupil. Focus, persistence, responsibility and desire for perfection are the characteristics I present towards obtaining my college degree. Coming from parents which are college graduates and hold respectful occupations which include high demands, my standards and morals are set very high. My present goals are to continue my education, mature as a person, play soccer at a competitive level and surround myself in a productive, positive environment. I feel confident that if I continue with the fulfillment of my present goals this foundation in turn, will stem into the onset of my future goals, which include an engineering degree, a successful private owned business, a professional soccer career, and a beautiful family. Furthermore, through Palm Beach Atlantic, a Christian school, I believe the majority of my goals can be accomplished. I can obtain my engineering degree living in a very studious and educational environment. While attaining my education, my first priority, I can live out my passion and love, which is playing soccer. I have researched the soccer program and I feel it would be a great accomplishment and privilege to be a part of. Plus, the downtown location gave me a vibe that would allow me to establish myself and interact in a mature, lively setting. Personally, I think PBA is perfect for the beginning to my future. I think of myself as a â€Å"winner†, and from my visit and conversation with the head soccer coach, students and faculty I believe Palm Beach Atlantic is a community of winners were I can excel and reach new heights. I’d be honored, and would look forward, to being part of such an excellent college....

What is meant and understood by the term computer misuse Essay

What is meant and understood by the term computer misuse - Essay Example ences with malicious activity such as hacking and viruses, which have been difficult to police due to jurisdictional difficulties and difficulties with identity tracking of offenders (Finch, 2001). This analysis particularly focuses three different aspects of potential computer misuse; namely identity theft, online harassment (otherwise referred to as â€Å"cyberstalking) and denial of service attacks (DDOS). Numerous press reports demonstrate how top financial institutions have fallen prey to cybercrime (Lloyd, 2004). The most common example is when an identity thief uses sensitive personal information to open a credit card account in a customer’s name through phishing (Thomas & Loader, 2000). Phishing is a high tech scam and uses spam to deceive customers into disclosing credit card numbers, bank account information, passwords and other sensitive information, with banks such as Abbey National and Natwest having fallen prey to phishing attack (Thomas & Loader, 2000). In phishing cases, offenders rely on the consumer trust in the familiar brand often by using the corporate branding style and logo to manipulate the consumer into a false conception of a pre-existing commercial relationship. This not only infringes the Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002 and The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 (â€Å"the Regulations†), which prohibit unsolicited marketing communications; the use of brand name, style and logo also infringes the business’ intellectual property rights, which devalues the goodwill in the business incurring significant financial losses. In its previous form, the Act covered two types of computer related offences; firstly the unauthorised access to computer material and unauthorised modification of computer material. However, these offences were created before the Internet boom and did not foresee the full impact of online misuse such as hacking, viruses and spamming. This falls into a grey area legally which